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A cost estimate is the approximation of the cost of a program, project, or operation. The cost estimate is the product of the cost estimating process. The cost estimate has a single total value and may have identifiable component values. A problem with a cost overrun can be avoided with a credible, reliable, and accurate cost estimate. An estimator is the professional who prepares cost estimates. There are different types of estimators, whose title may be preceded by a modifier, such as building estimator, or electrical estimator, or chief estimator. Other professional titles may also prepare estimates or contribute to estimates, such as quantity surveyors, cost engineers, etc. In the US, there were 185,400 cost estimators in 2010.〔Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2012-13 Edition, Cost Estimators, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/cost-estimators.htm (visited October 21, 2012).〕 There are around 75,000 professional quantity surveyors working in the UK. ==Overview== The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) defines a cost estimate as, "the summation of individual cost elements, using established methods and valid data, to estimate the future costs of a program, based on what is known today." The GAO reports that "realistic cost estimating was imperative when making wise decisions in acquiring new systems."〔''GAO Cost Estimating and Assessment Guide, Best Practices for Developing and Managing Capital Program Costs, GAO-09-3SP'', United States Government Accountabity Office, March 2009, Preface pg i〕 A cost estimate is often needed to support evaluations of project feasibility or funding requirements in support of planning. A cost estimate is often used to establish a budget as the cost constraint for a project or operation. In project management, project cost management is a major functional division. Cost estimating is one of three activities performed in project cost management.〔''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) Third Edition, An American National Standard, ANSI/PMI 99-001-2004'', Project Management Institute, Inc, 2004, ISBN 1-930699-45-X〕 In cost engineering, cost estimation is a basic activity. A cost engineering reference book has chapters on capital investment cost estimation and operating cost estimation. The fixed capital investment provides the physical facilities. The working capital investment is a revolving fund to keep the facilities operating.〔Frederic C. Jelen, James H. Black, ''Cost and Optimization Engineering, Third Edition'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983〕 In system, product, or facility acquisition planning, a cost estimate is used to evaluate the required funding and to compare with bids or tenders. In construction contracting, a cost estimate is usually prepared to submit a bid or tender to compete for a contract award. In facility maintenance and operation, cost estimates are used to establish funding or budgets. In an attempt to manage liability risk, some firms avoid the use of the word estimate and instead refer to the estimate as an "Opinion of Probable Cost."〔Risk Management Manual, International Federation of Consulting Engineers, 1997, Pg 52〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cost estimate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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